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天津之送葬文化Tianjin’s OTHERWORLD Tradition


http://tjtong.enorth.com.cn  2007-12-07 16:02
 

  The traditional calendar says November 10 was the day for sending your great-grandparents warm woolies to wear during winter in the spirit world. To many Tianjinren (Tianjin people), burning piles of paper clothing and spirit money on the street corner that evening would be like Westerners taking flowers to the cemetery on Memorial Day, hoping that their departed loved one could really smell them. While tending their little bonfires, locals will say deceased parents and ancestor’s names and invoke their protection and blessing.

  农历十月一号送寒衣,人们要在那天把暖和的衣服寄给在另一个世界的祖先,让他们温暖过冬。对于不少天津人,在十字路口烧纸衣纸钱就像西方人在阵亡将士纪念日时带一束花到墓地去祭奠亡灵,希望逝去的亲友能闻到花香。天津人一边烧纸衣纸钱,一边呼唤先人,祈求他们来保护和祝福健在的后代。

  In Tianjin, only those with Hui ethnicity can choose burial rather than cremation. By tradition, the funeral is held three days after death. The departed are often dressed in a high-collared, long-sleeved, red or yellow silk mourning gown. Tianjinren often bring the body home the night before so neighbors and friends can gather to support the family in an all-night farewell vigil. The wake begins and ends with firecrackers to ward off inhospitable spirits. Scattering paper money ensures the departing soul a generous welcome to the next world. These customs, especially the live bands leading mourners in procession through the streets, are now officially discouraged. Fresh flower arrangements have largely replaced paper wreaths but you may still glimpse a paper horse or cow, representing the departed man or woman, or paper children portraying future caregivers.

  在天津市,只有回族可以选择土葬,其他人必须被火化。根据传统,死者去世三天以后举行葬礼。死者通常身着高领、长袖红色或黄色的丝绸寿衣。天津人在葬礼前一晚把死者抬回家,亲朋好友和家人一起停灵守夜,告别亡魂。守灵开始和结束的时候都要放炮趋小鬼,撒纸钱是为了帮死者在阴间疏通关系。这样的风俗习惯,尤其是和尚在街上吹吹打打等大规模的送葬行为现在并不鼓励。鲜花已经代替了纸做的花圈,不过,仍然可以看见纸牛马,代表死者是男性或者女性,也有纸人,是在阴间伺候死者的人。

  A rental coach and driver transport the family to and from the government-sponsored mortuaries. State employees don white lab coats over their navy suits and lead mourners in bowing before the deceased three times before the cremation. Families may add vehicles to the funeral procession and expand this committal ceremony according to their beliefs and budget. After cremation, most Tianjinren offer food and incense before their loved one’s photo for three days, then move the box of ashes to a memorial park in the suburbs. Dongli boasts a memorial park with over 115,000 square meters of mausoleum. 200 employees handle over13, 000 cremations every year and maintain thousands of trees and plots.

  司机开送葬车接送死者的家庭。殡仪馆员工外面穿着白大褂,里面是深蓝色的西装,引导送丧的人做告别仪式。火葬以前,向死者三鞠躬。家人可以按自己的意愿多租一些辆车,在预算允许的范围内把告别仪试办得更排场一些。火化后,天津人在家里把贡品摆放在逝去亲人的照片前,三天以后再把骨灰盒葬在郊区的陵园。东丽区的殡仪馆有一个占地115,000平方米的陵园。200员工每年火化13,000具遗体,还要看守陵园,种植树木。购买墓地要花12,000元以上,骨灰盒可以在殡仪馆存放20年,还可以选泽海葬或树葬。

  Ancient Chinese history includes City Protectors who recorded each citizen’s deeds in a book. When a person died, this god would report to the King of the Underworld. In the northern countryside, look for pyramid-shaped, earthen mounds near the edges of fields. Southern farmers enshrine tombs on hillside terraces. Although graves are no longer permitted, it is still important for Tianjinren to visit cemeteries and memorial parks on April’s Pure Brightness Tomb Sweeping Festival.

  中国古代文化中的土地神掌管亡魂,他把每个人的行为都记录下来。当一个人死之后到了阴间,土地神会把这个人生时的行为报告给阎罗王。在北方农村,可以在田地边看到金字塔形的土堆,那就是坟墓。南方人把坟墓盖在山上。虽然土葬不被允许,但是天津人很重视清明节的扫墓活动。

  SIDEBAR:If a friend or neighbor passes away, you can offer condolences like this: 我真遗憾。请你节哀,多保重。Wo3 zhen1 yi2 han4. Qing3 ni3 jie2ai1, duo1 bao3 zhong4

编辑:刘静 稿源《JIN》杂志
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